Question #2 - Jp

Electron configuration has helped aid the periodic table by providing a more organized way of viewing the elements. It includes stuff such as orbitals and being able to find the atomic number of an element. Spectroscopy has further aided with the organization of the periodic table because it is a way for finding what an unknown substance is by measuring the strength, color, and/or measurements of the light through absorption or emission spectroscopy. And again, it has been further easily understood through the experiments that the scientists have done. As properties of different elements are similar, they were easily organized into the place they are at right now in the periodic table. Scientists develop elements through many ways, being purely by accident, through heavy machinery that costs millions and millions of dollars, and by studying the elements of the periodic table, which is just basically advancing in the research of the other scientists before him. A new element that was made not long ago is Ununseptium (with a better name to come later on). It is located between element 116 and element 118, itself being element 117. It's a long process as to how they developed it so I'm just going to simplify it to the best of my ability. 40 grams of adioactive element curium was put into target rods and lowered into the reactor then bombarded with neutrons for about 250 days. The result was 22 milligrams of nearly pure berkelium. It was then cooled and chemically purified for a total of 6 months. After, they used those materials, and others, to perform the Dubna experiment. This resulted in 6 events indicating the creation and subsequent decay of element 117.

Question #2

Electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons of an atom, a molecule, or other physical structure. The form of the periodic table is closely related to the electron configuration of the atoms of the elements. By knowing the electron configuration of an atom, a person can find the element they are searching for on the periodic table or vice versa. Niels Bohr was the first to propose in 1923 that the periodicity in the properties of the elements might be explained by the electronic structure of the atom. His proposals were based on the then current Bohr model of the atom, in which the electron shells were orbits at a fixed distance from the nucleus.
Each individual element has its own frequency of wavelengths. Spectroscopy was originally the study of the interaction between radiation and matter as a function of wavelength. Later the concept was expanded greatly to comprise any measurement of a quantity as a function of either wavelength or frequencey. When an individual chemical is burned, it gives off certain wavelenths of light. These wavelengths can be viewed with a spectroscope. By measuring the wavelenths, scientists are able to conceive which element they are studying.
A new element, Ununseptium, has recently been discovered. "Parts of the discovery were made inside a particle accelerator in Dubna, Russia, during the time frame 2009-2010, when new element 117 was synthesized in the collision of isotopes of calcium and radioactive element berkelium: in the reaction 249Bk + 48Ca. Other aspects of the discovery was made in the United States--at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (Livermore, California), the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (Oakridge, Tennessee), Vanderbilt University (Nashville, Tennessee), and the University of Nevada (Las Vegas); and in Russia--at the Research Institute of Atomic Reactors (Dimitrovgrad). (Ununseptium (pronounced: oon-oon-SEPT-i-em) stands for "one-one-seven-ium")."- William Atkins (IWIRE)

Question 2

Electron Configuration: arrangement of electrons of an atom, a molecule, or other physical structure. It concerns the way electrons can be distributed in the orbital’s of the given system. Niels Bohr was the first to propose (1923) that the periodicity in the properties of the elements might be explained by the electronic structure of the atom.[5] His proposals were based on the then current Bohr model of the atom, in which the electron shells were orbits at a fixed distance from the nucleus. The following year, E. C. Stoner incorporated Sommerfeld's third quantum number into the description of electron shells, and correctly predicted the shell structure of sulfur to be 2.8.6.[6] However neither Bohr's system nor Stoner's could correctly describe the changes in atomic spectra in a magnetic field, which was also called the Zeeman effect. Spectroscopy: originally the study of the interaction between radiation and matter as a function of wavelength (λ). Absorption spectroscopy uses the range of the electromagnetic spectra in which a substance absorbs. This includes atomic absorption spectroscopy and various molecular techniques, such as infrared, ultraviolet-visible and microwave spectroscopy. Emission spectroscopy uses the range of electromagnetic spectra in which a substance radiates (emits). The substance first must absorb energy. This energy can be from a variety of sources, which determines the name of the subsequent emission, like luminescence. Molecular luminescence techniques include spectrofluorimetry. Scattering spectroscopy measures the amount of light that a substance scatters at certain wavelengths, incident angles, and polarization angles. One of the most useful applications of light scattering spectroscopy is Raman spectroscopy. Unobtainium: In engineering, fiction, or thought experiments, Unobtainium, which can be also spelled Unobtanium, is any extremely rare, costly, or physically impossible material, or (less commonly) device needed to fulfill a given design for a given application. The properties of any particular unobtainium depend on the intended use. For example, a pulley made of unobtainium might be massless and frictionless; however, if used in a nuclear rocket unobtainium would be light, strong at high temperatures, and resistant to radiation damage. The concept of unobtainium is often applied flippantly or humorously. Discovered by Marvenio Disanter at the University of Asgard in 20 BU. Atomic weight 310.065 (characteristic of naturally occurring isotopic mixture), atomic number 126, most common valence of 1 and 3. None of the three naturally occurring isotopes are stable nuclides. These are mass number 310, T½ 4.5 X 105 years, rel. at. mass 310.0508 (99.275%), mass number 312, T½ 7.1 X 104 years, , rel. at. mass 312.0439 (0.72 %), mass number 309, T½ 2.4 x 104 years, rel. at. mass 309.0409 (0.005 %). Occurrence in Skytopia crust 3.7 ppm. Mined as unobtanium ore. Main ores of commercial interest are Explosite (Uo6Si2O5), Boomite, (Uo5Al3Si9O24‧2 H2O), and Skystone (Uo3C23H30N11O4). Unobtanium is a deep green, lustrous, brittle, radioactive metal. It tarnishes rapidly in air, forming a layer of dark green oxide.

Thought you'd like this coach lol :)

#2 Jennifer Easley

Electron Configuration - Is the way that electrons are found an atom. Each electronin an atom is described by four different quantum numbers. Three of these quantum numbers (n, 1, and ) represent the three deminsions to space in which an electron could be found. A wave function for an electron gives the probability of finding the electron at various points in space. A wave function for an electron in an atom is called an atomic orbital. The fourth quantum number (ms) refers to a certain magnetic quality called spin. An example: Electron configuration of an atom is such that electrons fill the shell nearest the nucleus before filling others further away.

Spectroscopy - Spectroscopy pertains to the dispersion of an object's light into its component colors (energies). By performing this disection and analysis of an object's light, astronomers can infer the physical properties of that object (like temperatures, mass, luminostiy and compostion).



New Element - the name is copernium, after the 16-th century Polish scientist Nicholas Copernicus. It is element 112 and ts symbol is Cn. Copernicium, a heavier relative of zinc, cadmuim and mercury, was first seen in 1996 by resesarchers at the Society for Heavy Ions Research in Darmstadt, Germany, after they bombarded a lead target with zinc ions.
It took the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, which regulates nonmenclature, nearly 14 years to resolve disputes between the Germans and American researchers over who was first to produve the new element. In the March issue of the journal Pure and Applied Chemistry, the agency reported that the Germans had priority and were entitled to purpose a name.
Physicist Sigurd Hofmann, leader of the German team, said in a statement that it chose copernicium to "salute an influential scientist who didn't reciever any accolades in his own lifetime, and highlight the link between astronomy and the field of nuclear chemistry"
Copernicium was the first scientist to conclude that the planets of th solar system revolves around the sum rather than Earth.

? 2

We will never be able to attribute to a single individual the development of the basic building blocks of writing. Yet we do know the name of the man who devised the method of classifying the basic building blocks of matter, Dmitri Ivanovich Mendelee. Combination's of 26 letters make up every word in the English language. Similarly, all material things in the world are composed of different combination's of about 100 different elements. An element is a substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances through ordinary chemistry--it is not destroyed by acids, for example, nor changed by electricity, light, or heat. Although philosophers in the ancient world had a rudimentary concept of elements, they were incorrect in identifying water, for example, as one. Today it is common knowledge that water is a compound, whose smallest unit is a molecule. Passing electricity through a molecule of water can separate it into two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen, each a separate element. The ancient concept of elements jibed with today's in noting that elements had characteristic properties. Just as people not only look different from each other but also interact differently with others, so elements have both physical and chemical properties. Some elements form shiny solids, for example, that react readily and sometimes violently with oxygen and water. The atoms of other elements form gases that scarcely interact with other elements. Scientist had identified over 60 elements by Mendeleev's time. (Today over 110 elements are known.) In Mendeleev's day the atom was considered the most basic particle of matter. The building blocks of atoms (electrons, protons, and neutrons) were discovered only later. What Mendeleev and chemists of his time could determine, however, was the atomic weight of each element: how heavy its atoms were in comparison to an atom of hydrogen, the lightest element. An overall understanding of how the elements are related to each other and why they exhibit their particular chemical and physical properties was slow in coming. Between 1868 and 1870, in the process of writing his book, The Principles of Chemistry, Mendeleev created a table or chart that listed the known elements according to increasing order of atomic weights. When he organized the table into horizontal rows, a pattern became apparent--but only if he left blanks in the table. If he did so, elements with similar chemical properties appeared at regular intervals--periodically--in vertical columns on the table.Mendeleev was bold enough to suggest that new elements not yet discovered would be found to fill the blank places. He even went so far as to predict the properties of the missing elements. Although many scientists greeted Mendeleev's first table with skepticism, its predictive value soon became clear. The discovery of gallium in 1875, of scandium in 1879, and of germanium in 1886 supported the idea underlying Mendeleev's table. Each of the new elements displayed properties that accorded with those Mendeleev had predicted, based on his realization that elements in the same column have similar chemical properties. The three new elements were respectively discovered by a French, a Scandinavian, and a German scientist, each of whom named the element in honor of his country or region. (Gallia is Latin for France.) Discovery of a new element had become a matter of national pride--the rare kind of science that people could read about in newspapers, and that even politicians would mention.Claiming a new element now meant not only identifying its unique chemical properties, but finding the atom's atomic weight so the element could be fitted into the right slot in the periodic table. For radioactive atoms that was a tough challenge. At first these atoms were isolated only in microscopic quantities. The straightforward way to identify them was not by their chemical properties at all, but by their radiations. Until the radioactive atoms could be sorted out with traditional chemistry, some scientists were reluctant to call them new elements.The value of the table gradually became clear, but not its meaning. Scientists soon recognized that the table's arrangement of elements in order of atomic weight was problematic. The atomic weight of the gas argon, which does not react readily with other elements, would place it in the same group as the chemically very active solids lithium and sodium. In 1913 British physicist Henry Moseley confirmed earlier suggestions that an element's chemical properties are only roughly related to its atomic weight (now known to be roughly equal to the number of protons plus neutrons in the nucleus). What really matters is the element's atomic number--the number of electrons its atom carries, which Moseley could measure with X-rays. Ever since, elements have been arranged on the periodic table according to their atomic numbers. The structure of the table reflects the particular arrangement of the electrons in each type of atom. Only with the development of quantum mechanics in the 1920s did scientists work out how the electrons arrange themselves to give the element its properties.

Question 2

Electron configuration is the make up of atoms in different elements. It can vary between an element. Bohr suggested that properties of an elements may have been explained by the electrons structure of the atom. The format of the periodic table is close to the structure of electron configuration of the atoms and the elements. The outer shell also determines major properties such as chemicals.

Spectroscopy was originally the study of the interaction between radiation and matter as a function of wavelength. It is the spectroscopic technique used to form the concentration of a given chemical. Spectrum can be used to gain information about atomic and molecular energy levels. The infared absorbtion spectrum of a substance is sometimes called a molecular fingerprint which determines each elements placent of color using the infared absorbtion method.

Copernicium, was first created by Gesellschaft fur Schwerionenforschung in 1996. It has the symbol Cn and is a synthetic radioactive chemical element. Its atomic number is 112. It was previously known as the element ununbium. Ununbium holds the symbol of Uub. It is named after the astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus.

The periodic table of the chemical elements (also periodic table of the elements or just the periodic table) is a tabular display of the chemical elements. Although precursors to this table exist, its invention is generally credited to Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev in 1869, who intended the table to illustrate recurring ("periodic") trends in the properties of the elements. The layout of the table has been refined and extended over time, as new elements have been discovered, and new theoretical models have been developed to explain chemical behavior. Modern quantum mechanical theories of atomic structure explain group trends by proposing that elements within the same group have the same electron configurations in their valence shell, which is the most important factor in accounting for their similar properties. Elements in the same group also show patterns in their atomic radius, ionization energy, andelectronegativity. From top to bottom in a group, the atomic radii of the elements increase. Since there are more filled energy levels, valence electrons are found farther from the nucleus. From the top, each successive element has a lower ionization energy because it is easier to remove an electron since the atoms are less tightly bound. Similarly, a group will also see a top to bottom decrease in electronegativity due to an increasing distance between valence electrons and the nucleus.

Californium is a synthetic radioactive metallic chemical element in the actinide series with the symbol Cf and atomic number 98. The element was first produced in 1950 by bombarding curium with alpha particles (helium ions) at theUniversity of California, Berkeley. It was the sixth transuranium element to be synthesized and is one of highest atomic mass elements to be produced in weighable amounts. The element was named for California and the University of California.Californium is one of the few transuranium elements that have practical applications. Most of these applications exploit the property of certain isotopes of californium to emit neutrons. For example, californium can be used to help start-up nuclear reactors, and is employed as a source of neutrons when studying materials with neutron diffraction and neutron spectroscopy. Element 118 was synthesized by bombarding californium-249 atoms with calcium-48 ions.Californium was first synthesized at the University of California, Berkeley by the physics researchers Stanley G. Thompson, Kenneth Street, Jr., Albert Ghiorso, and Glenn T. Seaborg on or about February 9, 1950. It was the sixth transuranium element to be discovered, and this team announced its discovery on March 17, 1950. To produce californium, a microgram-sized target of curium-242 was bombarded with 35 MeV alpha particles in the 60-inch-diameter (1,500 mm) cyclotron at Berkeley, California, which produced nuclei of californium-245 (half-life 44 minutes), plus one free neutron.24296Cm + 42He → 24598Cf + 10n Only about 5,000 atoms of californium were produced in this experiment. The discoverers named the new element for California and also the University of California. This name was a break from the convention that had been used for the elements 95 to 97, which drew their inspiration from how the elements directly above them in the periodic table were named.Europium, in the sixth period directly above element 95, was named for the continent it was discovered on, so element 95 was named americium. Element 96 was named for Marie Curie andPierre Curie as an analog to the naming of gadolinium, which was named for the scientist andengineer Johan Gadolin. Terbium was named for the city it was discovered in, so element 97 was named berkelium. However, the element directly above element 98 in the periodic table, dysprosium, has a name that simply means "hard to get at" so the researchers decided to set-aside the informal naming convention. They added that "the best we can do is to point out [that] ... searchers a century ago found it difficult to get to California."Weighable quantities of californium were first produced by long-duration irradiation of plutonium targets at the Materials Testing Reactor at theIdaho National Laboratory. The high spontaneous fission rate of californium-252 was observed in these samples. The first experiment with californium in concentrated form occurred in 1958.[27] Californium-249 to -252 were isolated that same year from a sample of plutonium-239that had been irradiated with neutrons in a nuclear reactor for five years. The High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR) at the Savannah River Site in South Carolina, started producing small batches of californium in the 1960s. The Atomic Energy Commission began selling, leasing, or lending small amounts of californium-252 to industrial and academic customers in the early 1970s for ten dollars per microgram; an average of 150 mg of californium-252 were shipped each year from 1970 to 1990. Milligram-quantities of californium can only be made in specialized high-flux reactors; there are only two reactors operating that can efficiently produce it: the High Flux Isotope Reactor in the United States and the Research Institute of Atomic Reactors in Dimitrovgrad, Russia. By 1995, the HFIR nominally produced 502 grams of californium annually. The difficulty of obtaining bulk quantities of californium led, in 1974, to the misidentification of hexagonal Cf2O2S and face-centered cubic CfS as two forms of californium metal. The crystal structure needed to be determined by using microgram amounts of the element

Question 2

The development of electron configuration and the arrangement and construction of the periodic table makes us to recognize things in the world what they are made of and how they have been made. This was the way somebody thought his name was Dmitri Mendeleev he tought that it was easy to put those elements together in a table called periodic table. He based them on the atomic weights. This was only the start. After him Henry Moseley determined the atomic number of each element. He ordered them by there atomic numbers. Our periodic table is still ordned like this.

When scientist discover new elements they do that accidentally by putting elements together or they are really trying to with things like spectroscopy. Those new elements will go in the D block al the new elemtns go in there.

Electron configuration is a complicated composition of atoms in oppossing elements. Electron configuration varies on element, consisting of the valence electrons. Niels Bohr in 1923 was the first know person to suggest that periodicity in the properties of the elements may have been explained by the electrons structure of the atom. The formation of the periodic table is similar to the structure of electron configuration of the atoms and the elements. the outer shell also determines major properties such as chemical, etc.

Spectroscopy uses the interaction of energy with an object to create data and perform an analysis or a spectrum. this so called "spectrum" can be used to obtain information about atomic and molecular energy levels and more. The infared absorbtion spectrum of a substance is sometimes called a molecular fingerprint which determines each elements placent of color using the infared absorbtion method.


RUTHERFORDIUM- and element that was recently discoverd in 1969 by a Dr. Albert Ghiorso and later named after the renouned chemist and physisyst Lord Rutherford. when the element was discoverd near Dubna, Russia the scientists lacked the proper equipment needed to accelerate neon ions, the Brekeley group, led by none other than Albert Ghiorso grinded atoms of californium with ions of carbon producing rutherfordium -257, -258, -259. credit for the discovery is still being tossed around by many people due to the fact that the finding was more a team effort than a solo operation.

Question #2

They're many ways of identify and categorize elements. The few we learned is electron configuration and spectroscopy. Electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons or any other physical structure. Electron configuration is how electrons are distributed on the orbitals. By the electrons in the last orbital they can tell which block a element should be in(s, p, d, f). It was first conceived by the Bohr model of the atom. Now, Spectroscopy is the study of interaction between radiation and matter as a wavelength. Spectroscopy is the use of visible light according to its wavelength. They're different types of spectroscopy the ones involving atoms usually use the range of electromagnetic spectra in which a substance emits or absorbs. Using the electromagnetic spectra scientist categorize elements based by how much they emit or absorb. Americium was placed were it was because of its electron configuration its last level orbital put it in block f and the amount put it were it is now. On the spectroscopy it absorbed or release enough energy to put in the lower half of the periodic table.

question 2 cole woodruff

the construction of the periodic table has been facilitated by spectroscopy by helping to identify elements; also, the construction has been helped by electron configuration because elements with the same valence electron configuration have been placed in columns. the arrangement of the periodic table is by atomic number which has been proven to best so far by experimentation. scientist may discover a new element by conducting experiments. if this were to happen now the element would have to go through naming and the school would have to buy new periodic tables. one fairly recent example of a discovery like this is Copernicium(Ununbium). this element was discovered by Sigurd Hofman, Victor Ninov, and others, by firing zinc at a lead target in a heavy ion reactor. in may 2009 copernicium was officially recognized and it took it's place on the periodic table in group 12, block d.

Answer #2

Electron Configuration is the arrangement of electrons of an atom, a molecule. It concerns the way electrons can be spread in the orbital of the system. According to the Copenhagen explanation of quantum mechanics, the placement of an electron is not well known until an act of measurement causes it to be detected.

Spectroscopy was is the study of the interaction between radiation and matter. It also can refer to a response to an alternating field or varying frequency. A further look of the scope of the definition added energy as a variable. A response as a function of wavelength is referred to as a spectrum.

Unobtanium is a term frequently used to describe any material with properties that are unlikely or improbable for any real material to possess and is, hence the name, unobtainable. It has been used since the 1950s, aerospace engineers have used it when referring to unusual materials, except that it does not exist. The word unobtainium may well have been coined in the aerospace industry to refer to materials capable of withstanding the extreme temperatures expected in reentry. Aerospace engineers are tempted to design aircraft which require parts with strength beyond that of available materials. Later, Unobtainium became an engineering term for practical materials that really exist, but are difficult to get. During the development of the SR-71 Blackbird spy plane, Lockheed engineers at the "Skunk Works" under Clarence "Kelly" Johnson used unobtainium as a code word for titanium. Titanium allowed a higher strength to weight ratio at the high temperatures the Blackbird would reach, but the Soviet Union controlled its supply and was trying to deprive the US armed forces of this valuable resource. Eventually, through a European front company, a large amount of titanium found its way to the United States.

Question number 2

Electron Configuration- It concerns the way electrons can be distributed in the orbitals of the given system . In 1932, Niels Bohr was the first to propose that the periodicity in the properties of the elements might be explained by the electronic structure of the atom. Bohr is responsible for the Bohr model. He got his basic idea off of both Aufbau's principle and Madelung's rule. Electron Configuration is also one of the best ways, for me, to find the location of and element in the periodic table. In electronic configuration, we have 4 blocks, which include, S-block, D-block, P-block, and F-Block.

Spectroscopy-was originally the study of the interaction between radiation and matter as a interaction betweeen wavelengths. It was originally the study of VISIBlE light. We look at a light source and it should break it up into different colors. If we use a flame as a light source then we can put a chemical into the flame and measure were the colors are. This is how we find what a sertant element is.

Ununpentium (Uup) was descovered in 2004. Although the Atomic mass, Electronegativity Density, Melting point, Boiling point, radius, & Ionic radius is still unknown we still have a way of sorting it and placing it in its own position on the periodic table. We have said the atomic number is 115. Its was created in California. It has a very short half- life and its almost no help for humans. BUT!! it still an element nun the less.

Question 2 By: Cici1224

The development of electron configuration and the arrangement and construction of the periodic table helps us better understand our world and what it is made up of. The periodic table helps us find the elements of our world easier. The idea of elements came from Aristotle such as Earth, Water, Wind, Fire. Later, this idea evolved Dmitri Mendeleev produced a table based on atomic weights but arranged them with elements that have similar properties. Soon he rearranged them again. After Mendeleev, Henry Moseley determined the atomic number of each element. He modified the Periodic Law and ordered the element periodically based on their atomic numbers. This is how our Periodic Table is arranged today. Well scientists discover elements sometimes from continuing the work of other scientists or by accident or simply on their own. William Ramsay discovered Noble Gases by removing oxygen, nitrogen, and water from a sample of air. He later called the gas he found Argon. He later founded Helium, Neon, Krypton, and Xenon. Antoine Lavosier founded oxygen and mercury by repeating the experiment originally performed by Joseph Priestley. Oxygen belongs in the Chalcogen group. The name derives from the Greek word chalcos meaning ore formers. Since they were all found in copper ores. Oxygen is a non-metal, for short the Chalcogen group is called the Other Non-Metal Group.

Electron Configuration- An electron configuration is the composition of atoms in different elements. Electron configurations are made up of a certain amount of electrons, which vary by element, that lie on various orbitals around a single nucleus. In 1923 Niels Bohr was the first to propose that the periodicity in the properties of the elements might be explained by the electronic structure of the atom. His proposals were based on the then current Bohr Model of the atom, in which the electron shells were orbits at a fixed distance from the nucleus. The following year, E.C. Stoner incorporated Sommerfeld's third quantum number into the description of electron shells. However neither Bohr's system nor Stoner's could correctly describe the changes in atomic spectra in a magnetic field. Pauli realized that the Zeeman effect must be due only to the outermost electrons of the atom, and was able to reproduce Stoner's shell structure, but with the correct structure of subshells. The form of the periodic table is closely related to the electron configuration of the atoms of the elements. The outermost electron shell is often referred to as the "valence shell" and determines the chemical properties.

Spectroscopy- Spectroscopy is a technique that uses the interaction of energy with a substance to perform an analysis. The data that is obtained from spectroscopy is called a spectrum. A spectrum can be used to obtain information about atomic and molecular energy levels, molecular geometries, chemical bonds, interactions of molecules, and related processes. Often, spectra are used to identify the components of a substance. The type of spectroscopy we use to identify elements is know as infrared spectroscopy. The infrared absorption spectrum of a substance is sometimes called its molecular fingerprint. Each element has a colors and placement of these colors using the infrared absorption method.

Rutherfordium- This somewhat recently discovered element was founded in 1969 by Albert Ghiorso and named after Lord Rutherford, a New Zealand chemist and physicist. Scientists working at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia, first reported the production of rutherfordium in 1964. They bombarded atoms of plutonium-242 with ions of neon-22, forming what they believed to be atoms of rutherfordium-260. In 1969, a group of scientists working at the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, now known as the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, in Berkeley, California, attempted to confirm the Dubna group's discovery. Lacking the equipment needed to accelerate neon ions, the Berkeley group, led by Albert Ghiorso, bombarded atoms of californium-248 and californium-249 with ions of carbon-12 and carbon-13, producing atoms of rutherfordium-257, rutherfordium-258, rutherfordium-259 and rutherfordium-261. They were, however, unable to produce the same isotope as the Dubna group. Credit for the discovery of rutherfordium is still under debate.

#2

There are various methods of identifying elements. We have discussed how electron
configurations can be used to identify elements as well as how to identify with
spectroscopy. We have also examined how the periodic table has been developed and
arranged through experimentation. Explain how all of these developments have verified
the construction and the arrangement of the periodic table. Then examine how scientist develop new elements. Pick one new element and explain how the scientist developed it and where it belongs on the periodic table of elements.